The term 'Early South American' refers to the INCA and Incan civilizations. The INCA were a powerful pre-Columbian civilization that flourished in the Andes Mountains of South America from the 12th to 16th centuries. The Incan Empire was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America, stretching from modern-day Ecuador to Chile. The Incan people were known for their advanced engineering, architecture, and agricultural techniques. The Incan language, Quechua, is still spoken today by millions of people in the Andean region.