Baghdad's nation is Iraq, which is a country located in the Middle East. It is bordered by Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Syria, and Turkey. Iraq has a long history, with its earliest known civilization dating back to the 4th millennium BC. It was part of the ancient Mesopotamian civilization, and was later conquered by the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. After World War I, Iraq became a British mandate, and gained independence in 1932. Since then, it has experienced several wars, including the Iran-Iraq War in the 1980s and the Gulf War in the 1990s. Today, Iraq is a federal parliamentary republic, and Baghdad is its capital city.