The Ancient South American cultures of the Incan and INCA civilizations were two of the most influential pre-Columbian societies in the region. The Incan Empire, which was centered in modern-day Peru, was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America and was known for its advanced architecture, engineering, and agricultural practices. The INCA Empire was a powerful state that ruled over much of western South America from the 15th to 16th centuries. The INCA people were also known for their sophisticated art, architecture, and religious beliefs. The INCA civilization was eventually conquered by the Spanish in the 16th century.