The term 'stripped (of)' can be described by two crossword solutions: RID (3 letters) and BEREFT (6 letters). RID means to have been relieved or freed of something, while BEREFT means to have been deprived of something. Both words imply a sense of loss or lack, but RID implies a more positive outcome, as it suggests that the person has been freed from something. BEREFT, on the other hand, implies a more negative outcome, as it suggests that the person has been deprived of something.