The term 'Judge of Israel' refers to two important figures in the Old Testament of the Bible. The first is ELI, a priest and judge in Shiloh who served as a mentor to the prophet Samuel. The second is Gideon, a military leader who was chosen by God to lead the Israelites against their enemies. Both ELI and Gideon were instrumental in the history of Israel, and their stories are recounted in the Bible.