The Austrian philosopher mentioned in the crossword solutions is Ludwig Mach, who was born in 1838 and died in 1916. He was a physicist, philosopher, and psychologist who is best known for his contributions to the philosophy of science. His work focused on the relationship between science and society, and he was an advocate for the use of empirical evidence in decision-making. The other Austrian philosopher mentioned is Alfred ADLER, who was born in 1870 and died in 1937. He was a psychotherapist and founder of the school of individual psychology. He was an early proponent of the idea that individuals are motivated by a desire to overcome feelings of inferiority, and his theories had a major influence on the development of modern psychotherapy.